How do you measure and analyze power consumption in embedded systems?

Power consumption measurement is critical for battery-powered devices. Measurement methods: Current sense resistor with oscilloscope/ammeter in power line. Dedicated power analyzers (Keysight, Otii) with software integration. Built-in current measurement in dev kits. EnergyTrace (TI), Power Debugger (Microchip). Analysis approach: Measure average current over typical usage cycle. Capture current profile showing different modes (active, sleep, transmit). Calculate energy per operation (current x time x voltage). Identify power-hungry components/operations. Optimization strategies: Minimize active time, maximize sleep. Reduce clock speed when high performance not needed. Gate clocks to unused peripherals. Use appropriate voltage levels. Batch operations to extend sleep periods. Optimize code for fewer cycles. Consider power profile when selecting components.