How do you implement functional safety measures in embedded systems?

Functional safety ensures system fails safely. Techniques: Redundancy (dual-channel, voting), Watchdog with diverse timeout (window watchdog), Memory protection and ECC, CPU self-test (BIST, periodic tests), Clock monitoring (cross-check between clocks), Program flow monitoring (instruction sequence verification), Data integrity (CRC, redundant storage), Analog input plausibility checks, and Safe state definition. Standards: IEC 61508 (general), ISO 26262 (automotive), IEC 62304 (medical). Implementation requires: FMEA analysis, safety architecture, diagnostic coverage calculation, and verification evidence. Hardware safety features: Lockstep cores, ECC memory, safety MPU.