How do you apply formal property verification effectively?

Formal property verification (FPV) proves or disproves assertions mathematically. Effective application: Start with clear properties (from spec, safety requirements), Use good abstractions and constraints (environment assumptions), Employ decomposition (prove sub-properties, use assume-guarantee), Address capacity (bounded proofs, abstraction, blackboxing), and Iterate on failures (debug counterexamples, refine properties). Coverage: measure what properties verify, unreachable states, vacuous proofs. Combine with simulation: formal for control-intensive logic, simulation for data paths. FPV excels at: protocol verification, corner-case detection, and exhaustive verification of critical functions.