What is VLSI and why is it important?

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) refers to integrating millions to billions of transistors on a single chip. It enables complex systems like microprocessors, memory, and SoCs in small, low-power, and cost-effective packages. VLSI follows Moore's Law, doubling transistor density approximately every two years. This has enabled the revolution in computing, mobile devices, and IoT. Modern VLSI involves sophisticated design automation tools, advanced manufacturing processes (7nm, 5nm, 3nm nodes), and multidisciplinary expertise.