What is an ADC and how does it work?

An ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital values. Key specifications: resolution (number of bits - 12-bit provides 4096 levels), sampling rate (samples per second), and accuracy. The ADC samples the analog input at regular intervals and outputs a digital number proportional to the input voltage. Higher resolution means finer measurement increments. ADCs are essential in data acquisition systems where analog sensor signals must be processed by digital controllers or computers.