What are the different thermal management strategies for EV batteries?

EV battery thermal management strategies include: Air cooling (simple but limited capacity, used in low-power applications), Liquid cooling (glycol-water mixture circulating through cooling plates, most common in modern EVs like Tata Nexon EV), Refrigerant direct cooling (more efficient but complex), and Phase change materials (passive, for temperature buffering). Optimal battery temperature is 20-40°C; outside this range, performance, efficiency, and lifespan degrade significantly.