How does Electronic Stability Control (ESC) differ from ABS and TCS?

While ABS prevents wheel lock during braking and TCS prevents wheel spin during acceleration, ESC actively intervenes to maintain vehicle stability. ESC uses additional sensors (yaw rate, steering angle) to detect loss of directional control. When vehicle behavior deviates from driver's intended path, ESC selectively brakes individual wheels to create corrective yaw moment - braking outer front wheel to reduce understeer or inner rear wheel to reduce oversteer. ESC has reduced single-vehicle crashes by 30-50%.