How do you design battery systems to prevent and mitigate thermal runaway?

Thermal runaway prevention involves: Cell selection (inherently safer chemistries like LFP), Cell-level safety (CID, PTC, venting), Robust BMS (accurate temperature sensing, early detection algorithms monitoring voltage/temperature gradients), Adequate spacing between cells (allowing cooling and preventing propagation), Fire-resistant barriers between modules, Thermal management maintaining cells below 50°C, and Structural protection against penetration. Mitigation includes: Controlled venting to exterior, gas detection triggering HV disconnect, fire suppression systems, and pack design ensuring >5-minute propagation delay for occupant egress. Testing per UN ECE R100, GB/T 38031, and OEM-specific abuse protocols.