Describe the composting process and its control parameters.

Composting is aerobic biological decomposition of organic waste into stable humus-like material. Process stages: mesophilic (25-45C), thermophilic (45-70C for pathogen kill), cooling, and maturation. Control parameters: C/N ratio (25-35:1 optimal), moisture (50-60%), oxygen (>5%), particle size, and temperature. Windrow composting uses turned piles; in-vessel systems provide better control. Process takes 4-8 weeks. Finished compost has earthy smell, dark color, and C/N ratio <20.