LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is widely used in Indian EVs due to its safety, thermal stability, and cost-effectiveness. The Nexon EV uses LFP chemistry.

LFP cells have a nominal voltage of ~3.2V with a full charge at 3.4V. NMC cells reach 4.2V when fully charged.

96S2P means 96 cells in series with 2 parallel strings. Total cells = 96 × 2 = 192 cells.

Coulomb counting integrates current over time, and any sensor errors or leakage currents cause cumulative drift that must be corrected periodically using OCV lookup.

Passive balancing simply dissipates excess energy as heat through resistors, making it much simpler and cheaper than active balancing which uses complex power electronics.

PMSM offers the highest efficiency (96%+) and power density, making it the preferred choice for modern EVs like Tesla Model 3 and Tata Nexon EV.

In FOC, Iq (q-axis current) controls torque while Id (d-axis current) controls flux. For maximum torque per ampere, Id is typically set to zero below base speed.

SVPWM can achieve 100% DC bus utilization compared to 86.6% for sinusoidal PWM, extracting ~15% more voltage from the same battery.

Electric motors produce maximum torque from standstill, unlike ICE engines that need to rev up. This wide torque band eliminates the need for multiple gears.

Regenerative braking typically recovers 70-85% of braking energy. Losses occur in the motor, inverter, and battery during the conversion process.

India has adopted CCS2 (Combined Charging System Type 2) as the standard for DC fast charging, aligned with European standards.

Charging follows a CC-CV profile. After 80% SOC, the battery reaches maximum voltage and enters constant voltage phase where current must taper to prevent damage.

Speed has the largest impact on range because aerodynamic drag increases with velocity squared. Driving at 120 km/h vs 80 km/h can reduce range by 30%+.

Batteries perform best and degrade slowest at 20-35°C. Below 10°C reduces capacity and charging speed; above 45°C accelerates degradation and risks thermal runaway.

A heat pump can achieve COP (Coefficient of Performance) of 2-3, meaning 1 kW of electrical input produces 2-3 kW of heat by extracting energy from ambient air.